WORLD WAR II AIRCRAFT - INFO

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  WORLD WAR II AIRCRAFT WHEN WORLD WAR II began in 1999, air forces had already replaced most of their fabric skinned biplanes with all metal, stressed-skin monoplanes Aireraft played a far greater role in military operations during World War II than ever before, The wide range of sireraft duties, and the introduction of radar tracking and guidance systems, put pressure on designers to improve aircraft performance. The main areas of improvement were speed, range, and engine power. Bombers became larger and more powerful - converting from two to four engines in order to carry a heavier bomb load: the US B 17 Flying Fortress could carry up to 6,2 tonnes (6,1 tons) of bombs ver a distance of about 3,200 km 2.000 miles), Some aircraft increased their range by using drop tanks (fuel tanks that were jettisoned when empty to reduce drag). Fighters needed speed and manoeuvrability: the Hawker Tempest shown here had a maximum speed of 700 kph (36 mph), and was one of the few Allied aircra...
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MOORING AND ANCHORING - INFO

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     MOORING AND ANCHORING


FOR LARGE VESSELS IN OPEN WATER, ANCHORAGE IS ESSENTIAL. By holding a ship securely to the seabed, an anchor prevents the vessel from being at the mercy of wave, tide and current. The earliest anchors were nothing more than stones. In later years, many anchors had a standard design, much like the Admiralty pattern anchorshown on this page.

The Danforth anchor is somewhat different. It has particularly deep flukes to give it great holding power. On large sailing ships, anchors were worked by teams of sailors.

They turned the drum of a capstan by pushing on bars slotted into the revolving cylinder. This, in turn, lifted or lowered the anchor chain. In calm harbours and estuaries, ships can moor (make fast) without using anchors. Berthing ropes can be attached to bollards both in board and on the quayside. Berthing ropes are joined to each other by bends, like those opposite


TYPES OF ANCHOR


● Close-stowing anchor


● CQR anchor


● Admiralty anchor type AC11


● Admiralty pattern anchor


● Stockless anchor


● Mushroom anchor

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